flutter create first_flutter_app

main(List<String> args) {
  print("Hello World");
}

//变量类型 变量名称 = 赋值;
String name = "dart fans";
int age = 20;
	

var/dynamic/const/final 变量名称 = 赋值;

export FLUTTER_HOME=/YourPath/flutter
export PATH=$PATH:$FLUTTER_HOME/bin
export PATH=$PATH:$FLUTTER_HOME/bin/cache/dart-sdk/bin

输入: "abcabcbb"
输出: 3 
解释: 因为无重复字符的最长子串是 "abc"，所以其长度为 3。

输入: "bbbbb"
输出: 1
解释: 因为无重复字符的最长子串是 "b"，所以其长度为 1。

输入: "pwwkew"
输出: 3
解释: 因为无重复字符的最长子串是 "wke"，所以其长度为 3。
     请注意，你的答案必须是 子串 的长度，"pwke" 是一个子序列，不是子串

xcrun dyldinfo -rebase -bind -lazy_bind myapp.app/myapp

Total pre-main time: 228.41 milliseconds (100.0%)
         dylib loading time:  82.35 milliseconds (36.0%)
        rebase/binding time:   6.12 milliseconds (2.6%)
            ObjC setup time:   7.82 milliseconds (3.4%)
           initializer time: 132.02 milliseconds (57.8%)
           slowest intializers :
             libSystem.B.dylib : 122.07 milliseconds (53.4%)
                CoreFoundation :   5.59 milliseconds (2.4%)

dispatch_sync(dispatch_queue_t queue, dispatch_block_t block);

dispatch_async(dispatch_queue_t queue, dispatch_block_t block);

#import <libkern/OSAtomic.h>

// 初始化
OSSpinLock lock = OS_SPINLOCK_INIT;
// 尝试加锁，如果需要等待就不加锁直接返回false，否则加锁后返回true
bool result = OSSpinLockLock(&lock);
// 加锁
OSSpinLockLock(&lock);
// 解锁
OSSpinLockUnlock(&lock);

#import <os/lock.h>

// 初始化
os_unfair_lock lock = OS_UNFAIR_LOCK_INIT;
// 尝试加锁
os_unfair_lock_trylock(lock);
// 加锁
os_unfair_lock_lock(&lock);    
// 解锁
os_unfair_lock_unlock(&lock);

#import <pthread.h>

// 初始化属性
pthread_mutexattr_t attr;
pthread_mutexattr_init(&attr);
pthread_mutexattr_settype(&attr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT);
// 初始化锁
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, &attr);
// 销毁属性
pthread_mutexattr_destroy(&attr);
// 销毁锁
pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);

#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL		0
#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK	1
#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE		2	//递归锁
#define PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT		PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL

// 初始化锁
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
// NULL表示使用默认属性
pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);
// 初始化条件
pthread_cond_t cond
pthread_cond_init(&cond, NULL);
// 等待条件（进入休眠，放开mutex锁，被唤醒后会再次对mutex加锁
pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &mutex)
// 激活一个等待该条件的线程
pthread_cond_signal(&cond);
// 激活所有等待该条件的线程
pthread_cond_broadcast(&cond);
// 销毁资源
pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
pthread_cond_destroy(&cond);

@protocol NSLocking

- (void)lock;
- (void)unlock;

@end

@interface NSLock : NSObject <NSLocking> 

- (BOOL)tryLock;
- (BOOL)lockBeforeDate:(NSDate *)limit;

@property (nullable, copy) NSString *name;

@end

@interface NSCondition : NSObject <NSLocking> 
- (void)wait;
- (BOOL)waitUntilDate:(NSDate *)limit;
- (void)signal;
- (void)broadcast;

@property (nullable, copy) NSString *name;

@end

@interface NSConditionLock : NSObject <NSLocking>

// 初始化, 同时设置 condition
- (instancetype)initWithCondition:(NSInteger)condition;

// condition值
@property (readonly) NSInteger condition;

// 只有NSConditionLock实例中的condition值与传入的condition值相等时, 才能加锁
- (void)lockWhenCondition:(NSInteger)condition;
// 尝试加锁
- (BOOL)tryLock;
// 尝试加锁, 只有NSConditionLock实例中的condition值与传入的condition值相等时, 才能加锁
- (BOOL)tryLockWhenCondition:(NSInteger)condition;
// 解锁, 同时设置NSConditionLock实例中的condition值
- (void)unlockWithCondition:(NSInteger)condition;
// 加锁, 如果锁已经使用, 那么一直等到limit为止, 如果过时, 不会加锁
- (BOOL)lockBeforeDate:(NSDate *)limit;
// 加锁, 只有NSConditionLock实例中的condition值与传入的condition值相等时, 才能加锁, 时间限制到limit, 超时加锁失败
- (BOOL)lockWhenCondition:(NSInteger)condition beforeDate:(NSDate *)limit;
// 锁的name
@property (nullable, copy) NSString *name;

@end

dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("myQueue", DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL);
dispatch_sync(queue, ^{
    //do something;
});

// 初始化信号量
dispatch_semaphore_t semaphore =  dispatch_semaphore_create(long value)
// 计数为0时休眠等待，计数为1或大于1时，减去1而不等待继续执行。
dispatch_semaphore_wait(semaphore, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
// 信号量计数器加1
dispatch_semaphore_signal(semaphore);

@synchronized(obj) {
	//do something
}

// 定义读写锁
pthread_rwlock_t rwlock;
// 初始化读写锁
pthread_rwlock_init(&rwlock, NULL);
// 读取加锁
pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock);
// 尝试读取加锁
pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock(&rwlock);
// 写入加锁
pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock);
// 尝试写入加锁
pthread_rwlock_trywrlock(&rwlock);
// 解锁
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
// 销毁读写锁
pthread_rwlock_destroy(&rwlock);

dispatch_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("rwQueue", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT)

// 读
dispatch_async(queue, ^{

});

// 写
dispatch_barrier_async(queue, ^{

});

function loop() {
    initialize();
    do {
        var message = get_next_message();
        process_message(message);
    } while (message != quit); 
}

//获取当前线程的runloop
NSRunLoop *runloop = [NSRunLoop currentRunLoop];
CFRunLoopRef runloop2 = CFRunLoopGetCurrent();
//获取主线程的runloop
NSRunLoop *mainRunloop = [NSRunLoop mainRunLoop];
CFRunLoopRef mainRunloop2 = CFRunLoopGetMain();

//  全局的Dictionary，key 是 pthread_t， value 是 CFRunLoopRef
static CFMutableDictionaryRef __CFRunLoops = NULL;
// 访问__CFRunLoops的锁
static CFLock_t loopsLock = CFLockInit;

// 获取pthread 对应的 RunLoop。
CF_EXPORT CFRunLoopRef _CFRunLoopGet0(pthread_t t) {
    if (pthread_equal(t, kNilPthreadT)) {
        // pthread为空时，获取主线程
        t = pthread_main_thread_np();
    }
    __CFLock(&loopsLock);
    if (!__CFRunLoops) {
        // 第一次进入时，初始化全局Dic，并先为主线程创建一个 RunLoop。
        __CFUnlock(&loopsLock);
        CFMutableDictionaryRef dict = CFDictionaryCreateMutable(kCFAllocatorSystemDefault, 0, NULL, &kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks);
        CFRunLoopRef mainLoop = __CFRunLoopCreate(pthread_main_thread_np());
        CFDictionarySetValue(dict, pthreadPointer(pthread_main_thread_np()), mainLoop);
        __CFLock(&loopsLock);
    }
    // 从全局字典里获取对应的RunLoop
    CFRunLoopRef loop = (CFRunLoopRef)CFDictionaryGetValue(__CFRunLoops, pthreadPointer(t));
    __CFUnlock(&loopsLock);
    if (!loop) {
        // 如果取不到，就创建一个新的RunLoop
        CFRunLoopRef newLoop = __CFRunLoopCreate(t);
        __CFLock(&loopsLock);
        loop = (CFRunLoopRef)CFDictionaryGetValue(__CFRunLoops, pthreadPointer(t));
        if (!loop) {
            //设值
            CFDictionarySetValue(__CFRunLoops, pthreadPointer(t), newLoop);
            loop = newLoop;
        }
    }
    return loop;
}

typedef struct __CFRunLoop * CFRunLoopRef;
struct __CFRunLoop {
    pthread_t _pthread;
    CFMutableSetRef _commonModes;
    CFMutableSetRef _commonModeItems;
    CFRunLoopModeRef _currentMode;
    CFMutableSetRef _modes;
};

typedef struct __CFRunLoopMode *CFRunLoopModeRef;
struct __CFRunLoopMode {
    CFStringRef _name;
    CFMutableSetRef _sources0;
    CFMutableSetRef _sources1;
    CFMutableArrayRef _observers;
    CFMutableArrayRef _timers;
};

typedef CF_OPTIONS(CFOptionFlags, CFRunLoopActivity) {
    kCFRunLoopEntry         = (1UL << 0), // 即将进入Loop
    kCFRunLoopBeforeTimers  = (1UL << 1), // 即将处理 Timer
    kCFRunLoopBeforeSources = (1UL << 2), // 即将处理 Source
    kCFRunLoopBeforeWaiting = (1UL << 5), // 即将进入休眠
    kCFRunLoopAfterWaiting  = (1UL << 6), // 刚从休眠中唤醒
    kCFRunLoopExit          = (1UL << 7), // 即将退出Loop
};

// 创建Observer
CFRunLoopObserverRef observer = CFRunLoopObserverCreateWithHandler(kCFAllocatorDefault, kCFRunLoopAllActivities, YES, 0, ^(CFRunLoopObserverRef observer, CFRunLoopActivity activity) {
    switch (activity) {
        case kCFRunLoopEntry: {
            CFRunLoopMode mode = CFRunLoopCopyCurrentMode(CFRunLoopGetCurrent());
            NSLog(@"kCFRunLoopEntry - %@", mode);
            CFRelease(mode);
            break;
        }
            
        case kCFRunLoopExit: {
            CFRunLoopMode mode = CFRunLoopCopyCurrentMode(CFRunLoopGetCurrent());
            NSLog(@"kCFRunLoopExit - %@", mode);
            CFRelease(mode);
            break;
        }
        default:
            break;
    }
});
// 添加Observer到RunLoop中
CFRunLoopAddObserver(CFRunLoopGetMain(), observer, kCFRunLoopCommonModes);
// 释放
CFRelease(observer);

/// 用DefaultMode启动
void CFRunLoopRun(void) {
    CFRunLoopRunSpecific(CFRunLoopGetCurrent(), kCFRunLoopDefaultMode, 1.0e10, false);
}
 
/// 用指定的Mode启动，允许设置RunLoop超时时间
int CFRunLoopRunInMode(CFStringRef modeName, CFTimeInterval seconds, Boolean stopAfterHandle) {
    return CFRunLoopRunSpecific(CFRunLoopGetCurrent(), modeName, seconds, returnAfterSourceHandled);
}
 
/// RunLoop的实现
int CFRunLoopRunSpecific(runloop, modeName, seconds, stopAfterHandle) {
    
    /// 首先根据modeName找到对应mode
    CFRunLoopModeRef currentMode = __CFRunLoopFindMode(runloop, modeName, false);
    /// 如果mode里没有source/timer/observer, 直接返回。
    if (__CFRunLoopModeIsEmpty(currentMode)) return;
    
    /// 1. 通知 Observers: RunLoop 即将进入 loop。
    __CFRunLoopDoObservers(runloop, currentMode, kCFRunLoopEntry);
    
    /// 内部函数，进入loop
    __CFRunLoopRun(runloop, currentMode, seconds, returnAfterSourceHandled) {
        
        Boolean sourceHandledThisLoop = NO;
        int retVal = 0;
        do {
 
            /// 2. 通知 Observers: RunLoop 即将触发 Timer 回调。
            __CFRunLoopDoObservers(runloop, currentMode, kCFRunLoopBeforeTimers);
            /// 3. 通知 Observers: RunLoop 即将触发 Source0 (非port) 回调。
            __CFRunLoopDoObservers(runloop, currentMode, kCFRunLoopBeforeSources);
            /// 执行被加入的block
            __CFRunLoopDoBlocks(runloop, currentMode);
            
            /// 4. RunLoop 触发 Source0 (非port) 回调。
            sourceHandledThisLoop = __CFRunLoopDoSources0(runloop, currentMode, stopAfterHandle);
            /// 执行被加入的block
            __CFRunLoopDoBlocks(runloop, currentMode);
 
            /// 5. 如果有 Source1 (基于port) 处于 ready 状态，直接处理这个 Source1 然后跳转去处理消息。
            if (__Source0DidDispatchPortLastTime) {
                Boolean hasMsg = __CFRunLoopServiceMachPort(dispatchPort, &msg)
                if (hasMsg) goto handle_msg;
            }
            
            /// 通知 Observers: RunLoop 的线程即将进入休眠(sleep)。
            if (!sourceHandledThisLoop) {
                __CFRunLoopDoObservers(runloop, currentMode, kCFRunLoopBeforeWaiting);
            }
            
            /// 7. 调用 mach_msg 等待接受 mach_port 的消息。线程将进入休眠, 直到被下面某一个事件唤醒。
            /// • 一个基于 port 的Source 的事件。
            /// • 一个 Timer 到时间了
            /// • RunLoop 自身的超时时间到了
            /// • 被其他什么调用者手动唤醒
            __CFRunLoopServiceMachPort(waitSet, &msg, sizeof(msg_buffer), &livePort) {
                mach_msg(msg, MACH_RCV_MSG, port); // thread wait for receive msg
            }
 
            /// 8. 通知 Observers: RunLoop 的线程刚刚被唤醒了。
            __CFRunLoopDoObservers(runloop, currentMode, kCFRunLoopAfterWaiting);
            
            /// 收到消息，处理消息。
            handle_msg:
 
            /// 9.1 如果一个 Timer 到时间了，触发这个Timer的回调。
            if (msg_is_timer) {
                __CFRunLoopDoTimers(runloop, currentMode, mach_absolute_time())
            } 
 
            /// 9.2 如果有dispatch到main_queue的block，执行block。
            else if (msg_is_dispatch) {
                __CFRUNLOOP_IS_SERVICING_THE_MAIN_DISPATCH_QUEUE__(msg);
            } 
 
            /// 9.3 如果一个 Source1 (基于port) 发出事件了，处理这个事件
            else {
                CFRunLoopSourceRef source1 = __CFRunLoopModeFindSourceForMachPort(runloop, currentMode, livePort);
                sourceHandledThisLoop = __CFRunLoopDoSource1(runloop, currentMode, source1, msg);
                if (sourceHandledThisLoop) {
                    mach_msg(reply, MACH_SEND_MSG, reply);
                }
            }
            
            /// 执行加入到Loop的block
            __CFRunLoopDoBlocks(runloop, currentMode);
            
 
            if (sourceHandledThisLoop && stopAfterHandle) {
                /// 进入loop时参数说处理完事件就返回。
                retVal = kCFRunLoopRunHandledSource;
            } else if (timeout) {
                /// 超出传入参数标记的超时时间了
                retVal = kCFRunLoopRunTimedOut;
            } else if (__CFRunLoopIsStopped(runloop)) {
                /// 被外部调用者强制停止了
                retVal = kCFRunLoopRunStopped;
            } else if (__CFRunLoopModeIsEmpty(runloop, currentMode)) {
                /// source/timer/observer一个都没有了
                retVal = kCFRunLoopRunFinished;
            }
            
            /// 如果没超时，mode里没空，loop也没被停止，那继续loop。
        } while (retVal == 0);
    }
    
    /// 10. 通知 Observers: RunLoop 即将退出。
    __CFRunLoopDoObservers(rl, currentMode, kCFRunLoopExit);
}

//arm64架构下，isa_t的结构参考如下:
union isa_t {
    isa_t() { }
    isa_t(uintptr_t value) : bits(value) { }

    Class cls;
    uintptr_t bits;
    struct {
      uintptr_t nonpointer        : 1;  
      uintptr_t has_assoc         : 1;                                     
      uintptr_t has_cxx_dtor      : 1;                                         
      uintptr_t shiftcls          : 33; 
      uintptr_t magic             : 6;                                         
      uintptr_t weakly_referenced : 1;                                         
      uintptr_t deallocating      : 1;                                         
      uintptr_t has_sidetable_rc  : 1;                                       
      uintptr_t extra_rc          : 19
    };
};

typedef struct objc_class *Class;

struct objc_object {
private:
    isa_t isa;	
	//以下省略
}

struct objc_class : objc_object {
    // Class ISA;
    Class superclass;
    cache_t cache;             // 方法缓存
    class_data_bits_t bits;    // 类的具体信息
    class_rw_t *data() { 
    	return bits.data();
}
    //以下省略
}

struct class_rw_t {
    // Be warned that Symbolication knows the layout of this structure.
    uint32_t flags;
    uint32_t version;

    const class_ro_t *ro;

    method_array_t methods;	//方法列表
    property_array_t properties;	//属性信息
    protocol_array_t protocols;	//协议列表
}

struct class_ro_t {
    uint32_t flags;
    uint32_t instanceStart;
    uint32_t instanceSize;	//instance对象占用的内存大小
#ifdef __LP64__
    uint32_t reserved;
#endif

    const uint8_t * ivarLayout;
    
    const char * name;	//类名
    method_list_t * baseMethodList;
    protocol_list_t * baseProtocols;
    const ivar_list_t * ivars;	//成员变量列表

    const uint8_t * weakIvarLayout;
    property_list_t *baseProperties;
}

struct method_t {
    SEL name;		//函数名 
    const char *types;	//编码（返回值类型，参数类型）
    MethodListIMP imp; //指向函数的指针（函数地址）
};

typedef id _Nullable (*IMP)(id _Nonnull, SEL _Nonnull, ...); 

typedef struct objc_selector *SEL;

struct cache_t {
    struct bucket_t *_buckets;	//散列表
    mask_t _mask;	//散列表长度-1
    mask_t _occupied;	//已经缓存的方法数量
}

struct bucket_t {
    uintptr_t _imp;	//函数地址
    SEL _sel;		//缓存的key
}

void notFound_eat(id self, SEL _cmd)
{
    // implementation ....
    NSLog(@"%@ - %@", self, NSStringFromSelector(_cmd));
    NSLog(@"current in method %s", __func__);
}

//对象方法解析
+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel
{
    if (sel == @selector(eat)) {
        // 注意添加到self，此处即类对象
        class_addMethod(self, sel, (IMP)notFound_eat, "v16@0:8");
        return YES;
    }
    return [super resolveInstanceMethod:sel];
}

//类方法解析
+ (BOOL)resolveClassMethod:(SEL)sel
{
    if (sel == @selector(learn)) {
        // 第一个参数是object_getClass(self)
        class_addMethod(object_getClass(self), sel, (IMP)notFound_learn, "v16@0:8");
        return YES;
    }
    return [super resolveClassMethod:sel];
}

- (void)notFound_eat
{
    // implementation ....
}

+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel
{
    if (sel == @selector(test)) {
        // 获取其他方法
        Method method = class_getInstanceMethod(self, @selector(notFound_eat));

        // 动态添加test方法的实现
        class_addMethod(self, sel,
                        method_getImplementation(method),
                        method_getTypeEncoding(method));

        // 返回YES代表有动态添加方法
        return YES;
    }
    return [super resolveInstanceMethod:sel];
}

/** 
 * Sends a message with a simple return value to the superclass of an instance of a class.
 * 
 * @param super A pointer to an \c objc_super data structure. Pass values identifying the
 *  context the message was sent to, including the instance of the class that is to receive the
 *  message and the superclass at which to start searching for the method implementation.
 * @param op A pointer of type SEL. Pass the selector of the method that will handle the message.
 * @param ...
 *   A variable argument list containing the arguments to the method.
 * 
 * @return The return value of the method identified by \e op.
 * 
 * @see objc_msgSend
 */
id objc_msgSendSuper(struct objc_super *super, SEL op, ...)
 
 struct objc_super2 {
     id receiver;	//消息接收者
     Class cls;	// the class to search，消息接收者的父类
 }

动态创建一个类（参数：父类，类名，额外的内存空间）
Class objc_allocateClassPair(Class superclass, const char *name, size_t extraBytes)

注册一个类（要在类注册之前添加成员变量）
void objc_registerClassPair(Class cls) 

销毁一个类
void objc_disposeClassPair(Class cls)

获取isa指向的Class
Class object_getClass(id obj)

设置isa指向的Class
Class object_setClass(id obj, Class cls)

判断一个OC对象是否为Class
BOOL object_isClass(id obj)

判断一个Class是否为元类
BOOL class_isMetaClass(Class cls)

获取父类
Class class_getSuperclass(Class cls)

获取一个实例变量信息
Ivar class_getInstanceVariable(Class cls, const char *name)

拷贝实例变量列表（最后需要调用free释放）
Ivar *class_copyIvarList(Class cls, unsigned int *outCount)

设置和获取成员变量的值
void object_setIvar(id obj, Ivar ivar, id value)
id object_getIvar(id obj, Ivar ivar)

动态添加成员变量（已经注册的类是不能动态添加成员变量的）
BOOL class_addIvar(Class cls, const char * name, size_t size, uint8_t alignment, const char * types)

获取成员变量的相关信息
const char *ivar_getName(Ivar v)
const char *ivar_getTypeEncoding(Ivar v)

获取一个属性
objc_property_t class_getProperty(Class cls, const char *name)

拷贝属性列表（最后需要调用free释放）
objc_property_t *class_copyPropertyList(Class cls, unsigned int *outCount)

动态添加属性
BOOL class_addProperty(Class cls, const char *name, const objc_property_attribute_t *attributes,
                  unsigned int attributeCount)

动态替换属性
void class_replaceProperty(Class cls, const char *name, const objc_property_attribute_t *attributes,
                      unsigned int attributeCount)

获取属性的一些信息
const char *property_getName(objc_property_t property)
const char *property_getAttributes(objc_property_t property)

获得一个实例方法、类方法
Method class_getInstanceMethod(Class cls, SEL name)
Method class_getClassMethod(Class cls, SEL name)

方法实现相关操作
IMP class_getMethodImplementation(Class cls, SEL name) 
IMP method_setImplementation(Method m, IMP imp)
void method_exchangeImplementations(Method m1, Method m2) 

拷贝方法列表（最后需要调用free释放）
Method *class_copyMethodList(Class cls, unsigned int *outCount)

动态添加方法
BOOL class_addMethod(Class cls, SEL name, IMP imp, const char *types)

动态替换方法
IMP class_replaceMethod(Class cls, SEL name, IMP imp, const char *types)

获取方法的相关信息（带有copy的需要调用free去释放）
SEL method_getName(Method m)
IMP method_getImplementation(Method m)
const char *method_getTypeEncoding(Method m)
unsigned int method_getNumberOfArguments(Method m)
char *method_copyReturnType(Method m)
char *method_copyArgumentType(Method m, unsigned int index)

选择器相关
const char *sel_getName(SEL sel)
SEL sel_registerName(const char *str)

用block作为方法实现
IMP imp_implementationWithBlock(id block)
id imp_getBlock(IMP anImp)
BOOL imp_removeBlock(IMP anImp)